29. Ladders – Poikilia

Hierarchizing (Taxonomic) Ladders

Didacus Valades 1579 Rhetorica Christiana

Carolus Linnaeus 1746 Fauna Suecica

Charles Bonnet 1745 Idée d’une échelle des etres naturels, Traité d’insectologie

Charles Bonnet 1781 Contemplation de la nature, vol. 1, in Œuvres, vol. 4

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck 1786 Classes des animaux et des plantes, in Encyclopédie méthodique, Botanique, vol. 2

Petrus Camper 1785 Studie van koppen, www.rijksmuseum.nl, 2 RP-P-1909-6499

Christian von Mechel 1797 Gradation in the profile of the head from frog to Apollo, following the ideas of Johann Kaspar Lavater

Charles White 1799 An Account of the Regular Gradation in Man, and in Different Animals and Vegetables

Grandville c. 1828 Series of head profiles, Nancy, Bibliothèque municipale, in Peter Rautmann, Im Reich der Tiere, 2012

Thomas Henry Huxley 1863 Man’s Place in Nature

Ilse Schwidetzky 1959 Das Menschenbild der Biologie

Phylogenetic (Temporal) Ladders

G. Avery 1876 Linear sequence of animal forms leading to man, Scientific American 34

William King Gregory 1929 Our Face from Fish to Man

Adolf Naef 1931 Natürliche Reihe der Urtypen der großen Gruppen, Handbuch der Vererbungswissenschaft

Walter Zimmermann 1953 Hologeniespirale, in Evolution

James W. Valentine, Allen G. Collins and C. Porter Meyer 1994 Increase in morphological complexity, Paleobiololgy 20

Joel Alejandro and Jarvis Dela Cruz 2014 Tetrapod evolution, A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan

Ecological (Nutritional) Ladders